Varying the voltage of a carrier or a direct current in order to transmit analog or digital data. Amplitude modulation (AM) is the oldest method of transmitting human voice electronically. In an ...

In optical networking, generating the modulated signal by varying the current that creates the laser emission. Direct modulation is used for transmission speeds up to 2.5 GHz or higher speeds for ...

Besides their negative charge, electrons also have a property called "spin." This spin has two directions, upward and downward, and devices with new functions based on this quality have been ...

The Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...