Steel is the backbone of modern civilization—used in everything from buildings and bridges to cars and appliances. On the other hand, steelmaking is one of the world’s largest sources of carbon ...

Iron and its alloys, such as steel and cast iron, dominate the modern world, and there's growing demand for iron-derived products. Traditionally, blast furnaces transform iron ore into purified ...

Aluminum is vital for making lightweight cars, beverage cans, and kitchen utensils. But its production creates a by-product called red mud, a caustic slurry containing iron and other metals. The large ...

It’s the shape and porosity, not the size, of metal oxide particles that matter for efficiency in electrochemical ironmaking. Iron and its alloys, such as steel and cast iron, dominate the modern ...