Whenever I give a client feedback that they meet criteria for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), I explain the four categories of symptoms that make up the disorder: intrusions, ...

Avoidance is a strategy we use to escape a stressful experience. There are two types of avoidance — cognitive and behavioral. Various approaches can help us break the patterns of avoidance, such as ...

Examples of passive-aggressive behavior can include lateness, avoidance, and silence. Passive-aggressive behavior can damage relationships and make communication difficult. Passive aggression is a ...

Avoidance learning is part of an organism’s survival instinct, as it develops a response to evade a hostile stimulus before it happens. After experiencing an unpleasant stimulus, organisms start to ...