Understanding how water moves through the Earth system is fundamental to predicting climate impacts and ensuring sustainable ...

Earth system box models are essential tools for reconstructing long-term climatic and environmental evolution and uncovering ...

Earth system models (ESMs) integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions. A model ...

Earth’s climate balance isn’t just governed by the slow weathering of silicate rocks, which capture carbon and stabilize temperature over eons. New research reveals that biological and oceanic ...